Biomechanical aspects of a forensic medical examination of deadly falling from height.

According to statistics, thirty years ago falling from height made only 5 – 6 % from the general number of deadly outcomes from influence of mechanical factors. And only in 10 years falling from height have strongly taken the second place in structure of a deadly traumatism after an automobile injury (to 40 % of all deadly trauma) and keep this position till now. Complexities of diagnostics of this kind of an injury are connected by that falling from height differs the big variety of variants of falling, mechanisms and circumstances of occurrence of numerous and polymorphic damages. Polymorphism of damages, their weight and volume are defined by energy of external influence. Quite often judicial-investigatory bodies bring an attention to the question about height, to which how was a falling, whether there was this falling spontaneous or falling was preceded by acceleration in the form of a push or ejection.

Many researches of the damages received at falling from height, give the basis to assert, that dependence between characters of the damages arising at direct free falling, is interconnected with falling from height. In a same time of accurate unequivocal dependencies of these factors it is not revealed. Absolutely clear bond between two basic criteria of occurrence of damages – weight of a body of the victim and speed of blow about a landing surface, however in the literature prevails till now opinion on prevailing value of height of falling of unique biomechanical criterion. At the same time, it is necessary to notice, that the defining factor of formation of various damages is not the falling height, and general (resultant) kinetic energy of a body. At equal height of falling, but different weight of a body, kinetic energy essentially differs. In the world literature of the information on correlation dependencies of volume and character of damages at falling from height and the general kinetic energy of a body it is not revealed.

The essential moment is also character of falling (free or step), presence or absence of previous acceleration (pushing out or active pushing away from a support) and other features.

At falling from height it is possible to find out following groups of damages to various combinations.

First, the damages arising at not free falling as a result of blows about acting parts of object from which there is a falling.

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Secondly, the damages arising at blow of a body about a surface of a landing – primary contact damages which can be presented external damages and crises of bones of a skeleton (primary crises of bones of a skeleton).

Thirdly, the damages formed as a result of moving (overturning) of a body or its separate parts after primary blow (secondary damages which can be presented external damages and crises of bones of a skeleton).

Fourthly, the inertial damages caused by influence of negative acceleration at the moment of blow about a surface of a landing, so-called «signs of the general concussion of a body».

Fifthly, damages of internal bodies as a result of influence fragments crises of bones of a skeleton both primary, and secondary.

Without dependence from the mechanism and circumstances of falling primary contact and inertial damages, and also damages from influence skeleton bones always come to light. Secondary damages are almost always observed at a landing in position vertical or close to it (blow by stops, knees, a head, etc.). Much less often these damages can be found out at a landing in horizontal position (blow of a lobby, back or lateral surfaces of a body) both their localisation and volume are defined by a pose of victims at the moment of blow and inertial moving of separate parts of a body. Damages of the first group meet exclusively at not free falling.

External contact damages (the damages arising at blow about a surface of a landing or at blow about acting parts) allow to define only area of a body blow has occurred which, but do not bear the information on energy of external influence.

Damages of the fifth group, as well as at others combined injuries, testify to the difficult mechanism of their formation, but do not give data on occurrence parameters.

The greatest information on size of the general kinetic energy damages of the second, third and fourth groups (bear primary crises of bones of a skeleton, secondary damages and inertial damages).

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